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Learn about multiple sclerosis in humans

Multiple sclerosis (MS) can be thought of as an inflammatory process involving different areas central nervous system (CNS) at various points in time. As the name suggests, multiple sclerosis affects many areas of the CNS.

Multiple sclerosis is more common in people of northern European descent. Women are twice as likely to develop multiple sclerosis than men. Multiple sclerosis usually affects people between the ages of 20 and 50, and the average age of onset is about 34 years.

The central nervous system is formed by the brain and spinal cord. They process information in our environment and control voluntary muscle movement for the body to do certain things.

When you touch something hot, for example, signals are sent from the sensory nerve endings in the hand to the nerves in your arm length, reaching to the bone cord. From there, the signal is transferred to the spinal cord to the brain, where information is processed. The brain sends a signal to the spinal cord the nerves in his arm. These nerves cause the muscles in your arm to contract, pulling his hand away from heat.

This neural system works effectively, Unless a disease process that affects the pathways of the spinal cord and brain. Multiple sclerosis is a disease that can affect these pathways. The signals are transmitted in the central nervous system along the tracks.

These pathways are composed of long fibers called nerves. The nerves are capable of transmitting environmental information to the brain. Everything you see, touch, taste, smell or feel is transmitted through nerves to the brain.

The nerves also carry information responsible for our alertness, behavior, capacity to understand and think rationally, the ability to communicate with others, and feel and interpret the emotions.

To help convey this information in a timely manner, the nerves are covered by a fatty substance called myelin. Myelin insulates the nerves and allows them to transmit information to and from the brain in a split second.

If the myelin is interrupted in some way, the information provided not only delayed but can also be misinterpreted by the brain.

Multiple sclerosis results in the destruction of myelin that surrounds nerves in the CNS. Destruction is believed to be caused by the body's immune system attacks the myelin sheath.

This autoimmune destruction of the myelin sheath leads to areas of demyelination (Also known as plaques) in the brain and spinal cord.

These plaques disrupt the transmission of information in the CNS and lead to symptoms observed in multiple sclerosis.

The symptoms of multiple sclerosis may be different from person to person. Visual, sensory and motor symptoms are part of multiple sclerosis. The clinical manifestations are varied, and therefore there is a wide range of symptoms that may occur. Some people have mild cases of multiple sclerosis with little or no disability over the years. Others have more severe types of MS, which require confinement to a wheelchair or bed.

And others may live their entire lives free of symptoms (some individuals without symptoms of MS are found incidentally to have multiple sclerosis lesions in MRI, or people to an examination of his brain after the unexpected death shows that were affected by the disease). This variability makes it difficult in some cases to diagnose multiple sclerosis. Often, the signs and symptoms are mistaken as psychiatric in origin.

The first symptoms of multiple sclerosis are often visual changes. A large number of people with multiple sclerosis develop optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve which is an extension of the central nervous system), described as a painful loss of vision. If a patient is diagnosed with early optic neuritis, treatment could change the course of the disease.

Before the actual loss of vision, the patient may have changes in vision described by many as vision blurred or hazy, flashing lights, or changes in color. The tissues around the eyes and moving the eyes can be painful. Most people recover within several months. Others are left with permanent visual defects. Double vision occurs when the eyes move in different directions and is another common symptom of multiple sclerosis manifold.

Multiple sclerosis usually affects the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for balance and fine motor coordination. Consequently, people with multiple sclerosis often have difficulty maintaining their balance when they walk, and perform delicate tasks with their hands. Inexplicable launch of a cup or other object or weakness can occur.

Patients may experience facial pain, feeling of the yarn referred to as vertigo and sometimes hearing loss. Virtually any area of the body can be involved, making this disease the great imitator of other nervous system disorders. The patient may experience seizures muscle pain or loss of strength of one or more of the arms or legs.

Nerve fibers conduct touch, pain and temperature sensations are often affected, resulting in tingling, numbness or pain sensations electric type in the chest, abdomen, arms or legs. Multiple sclerosis may affect the nerves responsible for involuntary actions of the bladder and intestines. The pateint can often have constipation and urinary retention. These symptoms lead to other complications as bladder infections, kidney or blood.

Most people with MS complain of a constant state of fatigue. Something as simple as loading the purchase of a flight of stairs can become an impossible task for a person with multiple sclerosis.

A peculiar feature of multiple sclerosis is the relationship between higher temperatures and worsening of symptoms. People often complain of any worsening of their symptoms after taking a hot shower, or participating in strenuous exercise.

The exact reason this occurs is unknown. Maybe it is because the higher the temperature decreases nerve conduction, which could lead to a further slowdown in the transmission of messages in the nerves that have lost myelin.

A doctor should be notified if you or someone you know have any of the signs and symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis. Also consult a doctor if you or someone you know has signs or symptoms that can not be associated, but are cause for concern. The person may not have MS, but due to the nonspecific nature of this disease, it is best to let a professional qualified to take that decision.

Several of the symptoms of MS can send the patient to a hospital emergency. If visual changes and movements eyes are painful experience, visit the nearest emergency department. The patient may have optic neuritis, one of the most common early signs of MS.

If the patient experiences changes in personality or the sudden loss of strength in the arms and legs should go to the emergency department for evaluation. These symptoms are common with MS, but can also be symptoms of other serious diseases, including stroke, infection, or chemical imbalances.

The diagnosis of MS is difficult. The vague and nonspecific or disease this is like many other diseases. Doctors with history, physical examination, laboratory work, and sophisticated medical imaging techniques to reach a diagnosis.

A complete blood count, blood chemistry, urine and spinal fluid evaluation are often all routine laboratory tests used to rule out other diagnoses and to help confirm the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. An MRI, which creates an image of the brain or spinal cord, is used to look for changes within the brain or spinal cord that are specific to multiple sclerosis. Very often, a specialist in neurology is required to make a diagnosis.

There are several treatment options for multiple sclerosis. The following is a brief summary of the FDA-approved drugs to treat MS manifold. For more information, consult your doctor.

Interferons are substances called immune modulators (which means it affects the action immune system) medications that have been approved to treat multiple sclerosis. Interferons are produced by the body, mainly to combat viral infections.

Interferons have been shown to reduce relapses by about a third progression (compared with placebo patients receiving) and the delay of the disease. Common side effects include flu-like symptoms (which tend to disappear with time) and reactions at the injection site (which can be minimized with analgesics, the rotation of the injection and local measures to prepare the skin before injection).

Interferons include interferon beta-1a (Avonex), which given once a week as an injection into the muscle of interferon beta-1a [(Rebif), which is administered three times a week as] an injection under the skin) and [interferon beta-1b (Betaferon), which is given every two days as an injection under the skin].

glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) is a mixture of Amino acids are used to treat multiple sclerosis. glatiramer acetate has been shown to decrease rates of multiple sclerosis relapses by about one third (When compared with patients receiving placebo) and seems to have an effect on the overall progression of multiple sclerosis.

Common side effects glatiramer acetate include a sensation of squeezing the chest after the injection and infusion reactions may include skin called lipoatrophy rare lesions. Copaxone each day is given as an injection under the skin.

Natalizumab (Tysabri) is a monoclonal antibody that binds to white blood cells and interferes with the movement of blood circulation in the brain and spinal cord. White blood cells are thought to play a role in causing damage nervous system in multiple sclerosis.

Tysabri reduced relapse by about two-thirds (compared to patients receiving placebo) and reduces the accumulation of disability, but a warning to increase the risk of progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML), a potentially fatal brain infection. Due this risk, Tysabri can only be administered to patients who have registered to be treated by a program of distributing controlled drugs.

Several drugs that suppress the immune system and are used to treat cancer have also been used to treat multiple sclerosis, but can make people with multiple sclerosis very ill, especially if not used with caution. Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) is a chemotherapy agent that has been approved by the FDA to treat multiple sclerosis.

Mitoxantrone treatment requires monitoring of cardiac function, and there is a limit to the dose that can be administered to patients. It also entails the risk long-term leukemia. For these reasons, Novantrone is typically reserved for patients with more aggressive forms of multiple sclerosis.

New research and treatment methods are currently being investigated and is expected to offer some hope to people with multiple sclerosis.

About the Author

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