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Genetically modified food

Method
Genetic modification is the insertion or deletion of genes. In the process of genes Cisgenesis artificially transferred between organisms that might be conventionally bred. In the process of transgenesis of genes from a different species are inserted, which is a form of horizontal gene transfer. In nature this can occur when exogenous DNA penetrates the cell membrane for any reason. This may require setting artificially genes of a virus or just physically insert the extra DNA in the nucleus of the host would be recorded with a very small needle, or for very small particles fired from a gene gun. However, other methods of exploitation of natural forms of gene transfer, such as the ability of Agrobacterium to transfer plant genetic material, and the ability of lentiviruses to transfer genes into animal cells.
Development
The first commercially grown crops genetically modified whole food was a tomato (Call FlavrSavr), which was amended to mature without softening by a Californian company Calgene. Calgene has taken the effort to win FDA approval for its launch in 1994 without any special labeling, though legally such approval was not necessary. He was received by Consumers who have purchased the fruit at a substantial premium over the price of regular tomatoes. However, production problems and competition from a conventionally bred, and long life to prevent the product profitability. A variant of the Flavr Savr was used by Zeneca to produce tomato paste is sold in Europe during the summer of 1996. The labeling and pricing were designed as a marketing experiment, which was, at the same time that European consumers would accept the genetic engineering food.
Currently, there are a number of food species in which a genetically modified version exists.
Food
Properties of genetic variation Amended
Modification
Percent U.S. Modified
Modified per cent in the world
Soy
Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicide
herbicide resistant gene taken from bacteria inserted into soybeans
89%
TBA
Corn, field
Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicide resistance of insects - the use of Bt proteins some of which are used as pesticides in organic crop production.
enriched with vitamins derived from corn South African white maize variety has M37W bright orange nuclei, with increased beta carotene 169x, 6 times the vitamin C and folic acid 2x. | | New gene added / transferred into the genome of the plant. | | 60% | | TBA
Cotton (cottonseed oil)
Pest-resistant cotton
Bt crystal protein gene added / transferred into the plant genome
83%
62%
Hawaiian papaya
The variety is resistant to the spot virus Ring of the papaya.
New gene added / transferred into the plant genome
+50%
TBA
Tomatoes
Variety in the production of the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG) is deleted, which delays fruit softening after harvest.
A copy reverse (antisense gene) of the gene responsible for production of enzyme PG added into the genome of the plant
Withdrawn from the market due to business failure.
None
Potatoes
variety of potato starch produces wax composed Amflora almost exclusively of amylopectin starch.
Synthase gene granule bound starch (GBSS) (the key enzyme for the synthesis of amylose) is changed by inserting copies of the antisense GBSS gene.
Amflora will occur only under the conditions of contract farming and not available on the market general.
TBA
Rapeseed (Canola)
The resistance to herbicides (glyphosate or glufosinate), high-laurate canola
New gene added / transferred to genome plant
75%
TBA
Sugar cane
Resistance to certain pesticides, sucrose-rich sugarcane.
New gene added / transferred to plant genome
TBA
TBA
Sugar beet
The resistance to glyphosate herbicide glufosinate
New gene added / transferred to genome plant
TBA
TBA
Sweetcorn
Produces its own bio-insecticide (Bt toxin)
Genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis added to the plant.
TBA
TBA
Rice
Genetically modified to contain high amounts of vitamin A (beta-carotene)
"Golden Rice" Three new genes implanted two of daffodils and the third from a bacterium
TBA
TBA
In addition, genetically diverse organisms are typically used as a source of enzymes for the manufacture of a wide variety of processed foods. These include alpha-amylase from bacteria, which converts starch into simple sugars, the bacteria chymosin or fungi that clots milk protein to make cheese, and pectinesterase of fungi which improves the clarity of fruit juices.
Growing genetically modified crops
Between 1997 and 2005, the total land area cultivated with GM crops has increased by a factor of 50, than 17,000 km2 (4.2 million acres) of 900,000 km2 (222 million acres).
Although most GM crops are grown in North America in recent years has been a rapid growth of the surface planted in developing countries. For example, in 2005 the largest increase in acreage planted with transgenic crops (soybeans) was in Brazil (94,000 km2 in 2005 compared to 50,000 km2 in 2004). He also has been a continuing rapid expansion of transgenic cotton varieties in India since 2002. (Cotton is a source Vegetable oil major kitchen and feed.) It is expected that in 2008 / 9 32 000 km 2 transgenic cotton will be harvested in India (more than 100 percent in the previous season).
National cotton yields average Indian GM cotton were seven times less than in 2002, because the parental cotton plant variant used in genetic engineering is not well suited to the climate of India and failed. The publicity given to transgenic trait Bt insect resistance has encouraged the adoption of improved varieties of hybrid cotton to perform, and the Bt trait has substantially reduced losses to insect predators. Although controversial and contested often, economic and environmental benefits of GM cotton in India for the individual farmer have been documented.
In 2003, countries that grew 99% of global transgenic crops were the United States (63%), Argentina (21%), Canada (6%), Brazil (4%), China (4%) and South Africa (1%). The Grocery Manufacturers of America estimate that 75% of all processed foods in the U.S. contain a GM ingredient. In particular, Bt corn, which produces the pesticide within the plant itself is widely grown, like soybeans genetically engineered to tolerate glyphosate herbicides. These are "input-traits" are intended to benefit financially from producers, indirect environmental benefits and marginal cost benefits to consumers.
In the U.S., by 2006 89% of the planted area of soybeans, 83% cotton, corn and 61% were genetically modified varieties. genetically modified soybean made tolerant traits herbicide, but undertaken both corn and cotton herbicide tolerance and insect protection traits (the latter largely the Bacillus thuringiensis proteins Bt insecticides). In the period 2002-2006, there were significant increases in area planted with Bt protected cotton and maize and herbicide tolerant maize also increased plantings.
Crop yields
Some scientific studies have argued that genetically modified varieties of plants do not produce higher crop yields normal plants. However, other scientific studies dispute these claims. [Citation needed]
A study by Charles Benbrook, Organic Center Chief Scientist, found that genetically engineered Roundup Ready soybeans do not increase yields (Bendrook, 1999). The report reviewed more than 8,200 university trials in 1998 and found that Roundup Ready Soybeans yielded 7-10% less than similar natural varieties. Furthermore, the same study found that farmers use 5-10 times more herbicide (Roundup) on Roundup Ready soybeans in the conventional.
The coexistence and traceability
The United States and Canada not require labeling of genetically modified foods. However, in some other regions such as the European Union, Japan, Malaysia and Australia, governments have required labeling so that consumers can choose between foods that have been genetically modified, conventional or organic origins. This requires a labeling system, and reliable separation of GM and non-GM production level and throughout the processing chain. Research suggest that this may be impossible. [Citation needed]
For traceability, the OECD has presented a "unique identifier" that gives the time of GMOs approval. This unique identifier must be sent at each stage of processing. [Citation needed] Many countries have established rules and guidelines on labeling coexistence and traceability. Research projects such as Co-Extra, and SIGMEA Transcontainer research aim of better methods to ensure peaceful coexistence and provide stakeholders with the tools necessary for the implementation of coexistence and traceability. [Citation needed]
Detection
Tests on GMO food and feed is routinely performed by molecular techniques such as DNA microarrays or qPCR. These tests can be based on genetic elements detection (As p35S, tnos, stroke, or bar) or specific markers of official events of GMOs (such as MON810, Bt11, or GT73). The method combines multiplex PCR-based array and array technology to screen samples for different GMOs potential, combining different approaches (elements of detection, plant-specific markers, and event-specific markers).
The qPCR was used to detect specific events by using specific primers GMO detection elements or event-specific markers. Controls are necessary to avoid false positives or false negatives. For example, a CaMV test is used to avoid false positives in the case of a virus contaminated sample.
PLU code
Price Look-Up A code beginning with the digit 8 indicates that genetically modified food.
Controversy
Main article: GM food controversy
While it is clear that there is a food supply problem, the question is if GM could solve world hunger problems. Many scientists argue that in order to meet the demand for food in the developing world, a second revolution green with a greater use of GM crops is needed. Others argue that there is more than enough food in the world and that hunger crisis caused by problems in the distribution food and politics, not production. Recently, some critics have changed their minds on the issue regarding the need for food supplies additional.
enetic change is analogous to nuclear power: no one loves him, but climate change has made its challenge of adoption, says economist Paul Collier of Oxford University. "The decline in GM makes a complicated issue more complex. Genetic modification offers the faster adaptation of crops and biological rather than chemical, the approach to get the raises. "
On the other hand, many believe GMF has not been a success and that we should devote our efforts and money on another solution. and enhancement of biodiversity needs to work with nature and water nutrients cycles, not against them, says Vandana Shiva. Shiva, founder of Navdanya, moving 500,000 farmers seeds and organic farmers in India, says that no GMF have increased yields. Recently, Doug Gurian-Sherman, a member of the Union of Concerned Scientists, a defense research group nonprofit, published a report entitled ailurids to yield, in which he stated that in a record of nearly 20 years, GM crops have not increased yields.
Adopting an approach more technical, GMF help farmers produce, although quotas and environmental obstacles. hile new technology must be proven before it is released market, we must be aware of the risks of not releasing all, says Professor Per Pinstrup-Andersen, Food, Nutrition and Public Policy at Cornell University. Per Pinstrup-Anderson argues, ideology isguided anti-science and the inability of governments to give priority to agricultural and rural development in developing countries brought us the food crisis. It makes clear the challenge we face is the challenge of whether we have enough resources to produce, but if we change our behavior.
Economic and political effects
Adoption of genetically engineered crops in the United States.
Many advocates of GM crops say the low pesticide use and have resulted in increased yields and profitability for many farmers, including developing countries.
The United States seen a wide adoption of genetically modified corn, cotton and soybeans in the last decade (see figure).
In August 2003, Zambia, cut off the supply of genetically modified food (mainly maize) United Nations World Food Programme. This left a battered population without food for famine aid.
In December 2005 the Zambian government changed its mind in the face of further famine and allowed the import of modified maize genetically. However, Agriculture Minister Mundia Sikatana Zambia has insisted that the ban on genetically modified maize continues: "No want GM (genetically modified) foods and our hope is that we can all continue to produce non-GM food. "
In April 2004 Hugo Chvez announced a total ban on genetically modified seeds in Venezuela.
In January 2005, the Hungarian government announced ban on the import and planting of modified genetic resources for seed corn, which was subsequently approved by the EU.
On 18 August 2006 U.S. exports of rice to Europe were interrupted when much of the U.S. crop was confirmed to be contaminated with unapproved engineered genes, possibly due to accidental cross-pollination with conventional crops.
On February 9, 2010, the Indian Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh, imposed a moratorium on the cultivation the FMG "for as long as necessary to establish public trust." His decision came after protests by several groups to respond to regulatory approval of Bt Brinjal crop, a GM eggplant in October 2009.
Intellectual Property
Traditionally, farmers of all nations their own saved seed from one year to another. Allow to continue this practice with genetically modified seeds would translate to seed developers lose the ability benefit from their breeding work. Therefore, genetically modified seeds are subject to licensing by its developers in the contracts that are written to prevent farmers after this traditional practice. Many of the objections to genetically modified food crops are based on this change.
Article Home: Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser
Enforcement of patents on genetically modified plants is often controversial, especially gene flow. In 1998, Percent from 1995 to 1998 of about 10 km2 with canola planted by Canadian farmer Percy Schmeiser was found to contain patented Roundup Ready gene from Monsanto Company, although Schmeiser I had never bought Monsanto seed. The initial source of the plants was uncertain, and could have been through gene flow, whether intentional or theft. However, the overwhelming predominance of the feature implies that there must be Schmeiser intentionally selected for it. The court found that Schmeiser had saved seed from areas in and near their property where Roundup had been sprayed, such as ditches and poles near power lines.
Although unable to prove direct theft, Monsanto sued Schmeiser for piracy and that he knowingly grew Roundup Ready plants without paying royalties (Ibid). The case reached the Supreme Court of Canada in 2004 ruled 5-4 in favor of Monsanto. The dissenting judges focused primarily on the fact that Monsanto's patent covers only the gene itself and the cells resistant to glyphosate and not to cover transgenic plants as a whole. All judges agreed that Schmeiser did not have to pay damages because they had not benefited from its use of genetically modified seed.
In response to criticism, Monsanto Canada's director of Public Relations said that "is not, nor has it been Monsanto Canada's policy to enforce its patent on Roundup Ready crops, which are present in a farmer's field by accident ... Only when there has been a conscious and deliberate violation of Monsanto's patent rights act. "
Future developments
Future planned applications of GMOs are diverse and include drugs in food, bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases such as Hepatitis B, metabolically modified fish mature more quickly, fruit and nut trees that yield years earlier, foods no longer contain the properties associated with common intolerances, and plants that produce new plastics with unique properties. While their practicality or efficacy in commercial production has not yet been fully tested, the next decade may see exponential growth in the development of genetically modified products as the increase of researchers greater access to genomic resources that are applicable to organisms beyond the scope of individual projects. safety testing of these products also may, in turn, is necessary to ensure that the perceived benefits indeed outweigh the perceived and hidden costs of development. Plant scientists, supported by the results of modern profiles the overall composition of crops, show that modified crops through genetic modification techniques are less likely to have unwanted changes are conventionally bred crops.
Health Risks
In the United States, the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition to approve the characteristics GM food nutrition based on comparability to conventionally produced food. The following table shows foods that had received approval the FDA from 2002.
A 2008 review published by the Royal Society of Medicine said that GM foods have been consumed by millions of people around the world for over 15 years without reports of adverse effects. Similarly, a 2004 report by the National Academies of Sciences USA, said: "To date, no adverse health effects attributed to genetic engineering have been documented in the human population. "Worldwide, there are a variety of perspectives in organizations NGOs in the safety of genetically modified foods. For example, U.S. for peer pressure AgBioWorld GM has argued that GM foods proven safe, while other pressure groups and rights groups of consumers, such as the Organic Consumers Association and Greenpeace say the risks long-term health effects that GM could pose, or environmental risks associated with GM, have not yet been properly investigated.
In 1998 the scientist Rowett Pusztai rpd Research Institute reported that the consumption of potatoes genetically engineered to contain lectin had intestinal adverse effects in rats. Pusztai finally released an article co-authored by Stanley Ewen, in the journal The Lancet. The document states to show that rats fed genetically modified potatoes with snowdrop lectin had unusual changes to their intestinal tissue compared with rats fed unmodified potatoes. The experiment has been criticized by other scientists on the basis that non-modified potatoes were not a fair control diet rats and that all may have been ill, because they are fed a diet of only potatoes.
In 2010 three scientists published a new statistical analysis of three feeding trials that had been previously published as required by other the safety of genetically modified corn. The new article claimed that their statistics instead showed that the three crops patented (Mon 810, Mon-863 and NK 603) developed and owned by Monsanto cause liver, kidney and heart damage in mammals. A previous re-analysis of data from by the same group of scientists was evaluated by a panel of independent toxicologists in a study funded by Monsanto and published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology, respondents reported that the study was statistically flawed and a total lack of evidence of adverse effects.
Gene Transfer
In January 2009 there have been only feeding a human study on the effects of genetically modified foods. The study involved seven human volunteers who had previously his large intestine removed. These volunteers were to eat genetically modified soybeans to see if GM soy DNA transferred to bacteria that naturally live in the human intestine. The researchers identified three of the seven volunteers had transgenes from genetically modified soybeans transferred to bacteria living in your gut, but no gene transfers occurred during the course of the study. In volunteers with complete digestive tract, the transgene did not survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract intact. Anti-GM advocates believe that the study should lead to additional tests to determine its significance.
A study on the possible effects of GM food modified feed the animals found there was no significant difference in the safety and nutritional value of feed containing material from genetically modified plants. Specifically, the study noted that no residues of recombinant DNA or novel proteins have been found in any organ or tissue samples obtained from animals fed on plants GMP.
Allergies
In mid-1990 Pioneer Hi-Bred tested the allergenicity of genetically modified soybeans expressing a protein in the horse chestnut seed storage with the hope that the seeds have increased levels of the amino acid methionine. Testing (RAST testing, immunoblotting, and skin-prick tests) have shown that people allergic to Brazil nuts are also allergic to new transgenic soybeans. Pioneer has indicated that it will develop commercial cultivars containing protein from Brazil nut because the protein is likely to be an allergen.
See also
Plant breeding
Transgenic plant
International trade in genetically modified foods
References
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^ Guelph Transgenic Pig Research Program: EnviropigTM a race environment of phosphorus pigs using the plant so efficient. November 4, 2005.
Ab ^ NRC. (2004). Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended effects of Health. National Academies Press. Songs from the full text.
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^ Letter from the FDA Consumer (September 1994): first tomato Marketed Biotechnology
^ Project GEO-PIE - Cornell University
^ Shaista Naqvi, et al. Transgenic maize biofortification through multivitamins vitamins endosperm with three representing three different metabolic pathways PNAS April 27, 2009.
^ [Http: / / www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/NPH-1.pdf Richard M. H Manshardt Rainbow Papaya: A hybrid high quality disease resistant genetically modified. Cooperative Extension Service / CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa.]
^ [~ Http: / / www.foodsafety.gov/ lrd / biotechn.html U.S. Food And Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food Biotechnology. FDA background: 18 May 1994.]
^ Amflora - A star (ch) is born: amylose and amylopectin - two sides to a pope.
^ Rapeseed (canola) has been genetically modified to change its oil content with a gene that encodes a thioesterase "12:00" (TE) of the plant enzyme Bay California (Umbellularia californica) medium to increase the length fatty acids, see:
^ GE enzymes and microorganisms
^ Need a more specific date for this data page Main ISAAA.
^ Economic impact of genetically modified cotton in India
^ Compare the performance of official and unofficial modified cotton GM in India
^ Genetically Modified Foods and agencies
^ Genetic Engineering: The Future of Food?
Approval ^ GM crops in the U.S. USDA ERS July 14, 2006
^ Press Releases 2008
^ Organic farming can feed the world!
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Ab ^ CBC Identifying genetically modified products. Quote: However, as shown in this report by CBC Marketplace, labeling such law exists in Canada despite numerous surveys indicating up to 90 percent of Canadians want mandatory labeling of GM food. Canada's leading national consumer group does not support mandatory labeling. It seems to change its position on December 3, 2003: http://www.consumer.ca/1626
^
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^ Boucher Douglas Fingers H. Boucher. (1999). The paradox of plenty: Hunger in a World of Abundance. Food First. pp. 342. ISBN 978-0935028713.
^ Valle, Pablo. Strange Fruit Food: Could GM offered a solution to the global food crisis? The Independent, April 18, 2009.
# ^ Http: / / roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/can-biotech-food-cure-world-hunger / paul Put aside prejudices
# ^ Http: / / roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/can-biotech-food-cure-world-hunger / vandana crop failure gene] Alteration
^ # Http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/can-biotech-food-cure-world-hunger/ for a Green Revolution Done Right
^ Http: / / www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. The adoption of GM crops in the U.S. July 2, 2008
^ The impact economic development of transgenic crops in developing countries
^ Zambia allows its people to eat
^ The Peninsula On-line: Qatar's leading English Daily
^ World Environment News - Planet Ark
^ Venezuela: Chavez Dumps Monsanto - Social and Economic Policy - Global Policy Forum
^ Top
^ Agriculture Department Probes Rice Flap: NPR
^ "India says no to the first GM food crop," Agence France-Presse (AFP) (New Delhi), 9 February 2010, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hx8gKVOxrM8-7Pkj6nWSsPwbXBIw
^ General Accounting Office United States, Report the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Risk Management, Research, and specialty crops, Agriculture Committee of the House of Representatives. Information prices for GM seeds in the United States and Argentina. January 2000
Ab ^ Munzer, Stephen R. (2006). Plants, liability, and intellectual property. Oxford University Press. pp. 130.
Ab ^ Federal Court of Canada. Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser Date: 20010329 File: T-1593-1598 Retrieved 26 March 2006.
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^ James Randerson interviews biologist Arpad Pusztai Education | | The Guardian
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^ Martin Enserink The Lancet scolded over Pusztai paper Science October 22 1999: vol. 286. no. 5440, p. 656 DOI 10.1126/science.286.5440.656a
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~ ^ Db = Http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content all? Content = 10.1080/17450390512331342368 "Animal nutrition with feeds from genetically modified plants" Prof. Dr. Gerhard Flachowsky, Andrew Chesson, Karen Aulrich
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External Links
Pros and cons of GM food.
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml
Wikibooks has a book on the subject of
Genes, Technology and Politics
Resolution Resolution To Label GM Food to ensure mandatory labeling of GM food.
Web Site for Citizens Label GMO Food Information on GM food labeling.
FAO Agriculture Department and its report Agricultural Biotechnology SOFA deal with GM food safety
GMO Compass Information on the use of genetic engineering in the food industry. Authorization database of all GM plants in the EU.
GMO Safety Information on research projects on the biological safety of GM plants genetically.
Database Approved GM crops
New scientific paper on GM food
The FDA list of consultations on finished food bioengineering
Co-extracted research project on coexistence and traceability of GM and non GM supply chains
STEPS file Research Center of Biotechnology
The control of our food from a documentary film by Marie-Monique Robin
Recommended Reading
Mark Pollack and Gregory Shaffer, when cooperation fails: International Law and Policy of Genetically Modified Foods (Oxford University Press 2009).
Mendel in the Kitchen, by Nina Fedoroff and Nancy Marie Brown
The food crisis of the environment A study by the UN on the power of the world population (2009)
Table of tomorrow: Organic Farming, Genetics and the Future of Food, Ronald and Adamchak (2008) ISBN 978-0195301755
Biotechnology, Agriculture and food security in Southern Africa Edited by Steve Grebmer Omama and Klaus von (2005) (Short and available books)
Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of genetically modified foods by Jeffrey M. Smith.
Beth H. Harrison (2007) Shedding light on GM foods: What you do not know about the food you're eating and what you can do to protect
World Hunger by Brian Kenneth Swain is a fiction book new knowledge on the subject of food GM and some possible consequences for society. ISBN 978-0595686254
McHugh, A. Pandora 's Picnic Basket: The potential and dangers of food GM, Oxford University Press, 2000
Tokar, B. (Ed.) Redesigning Life? Zed Books, 2001.
Let Them Eat caution. How policy is undermining the Genetic Revolution in Agriculture. For Byrne, J., Conko, G. Entine, J., Gilland, T., Hoban, TH, Moore, P., Natsios, A. S, Newell-McGloughlin, M., Paarlberg, RL, Prakash, CS, Tucker Foreman, C., Edited by Jon Entine AEI Press (Washington) 2006. Facets of the debate of genetically modified crops not covered by antagonistic to technology.
Genetics by Nina V. Fedoroff and Nancy Marie Brown
Helena Norberg-Hodge, "The pressure to modernize and globalize" in the case against the global economy and a shift towards local 45 (J. Mander and E. Goldsmith eds., 1996)
Ellen Ruppel Shell, New World Syndrome, Atlantic Monthly, June 2001
Vandana Shiva, a worldview of abundance, ORION, Summer 2000
Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All American Food (2001)
Michael Pollan, the future of food: The industry has found a way of naming the threat of low organic matter and Food. Remember that the food in a pill?, NY TIMES MAG., Sun, May 04, 2003, sec. 6, p. 63
Matt Lee and Lee, Ted, The Taste Next: the search for the taste of tomorrow, id. at 66
Amanda Hesser, cuts crop, id. at 72
Danylo Hawaleshka with Brian Bethune and Sue Ferguson, Tainted Food (Kraft to develop nanoparticles that can change the color of food, flavor and nutritional value to suit a health person or palate)
Gary Ruskin, the fast food trap: How Commercialism Create overweight children, motherhood Mazagine, November / December 2003
Kate Zernike is obesity the responsibility of the body politic?, NY Times, Sun, Nov. 9 2003, in the second. 4, p. 3
Carl Hulse, Vote in House Bars few suits Citing Obesity, NY Times, Thu, March 11, 2004, in sec. A., p. 1
Garcia, Deborah Koons (Director). 2004. The Future of Food. film.
EV
Safety of Food Consumers
Adulterants / Food contaminants
Formaldehyde Melamine 3-MCPD Cyanide Lead poisoning mercury in fish red dye Sudan aldicarb
Toxins / poisons
Mycotoxins contamination Seafood arsenic intoxication with aflatoxin groundwater benzene in soft drinks bisphenol A
Microorganisms
Campylobacter jejuni Escherichia coli O157: H7 Listeria Salmonella Clostridium perfringens Botulism Hepatitis E Hepatitis A Norovirus Rotavirus
Pesticide Overuse / waste
DDT lindane, malathion, Chlorpyrifos, Methamidophos
Condoms
Sodium benzoate Benzoic acid EDTA
Sweeteners
Saccharin Cyclamate Sucralose Acesulfame Aspartame controversy potassium syrup high fructose corn sorbitol
Food Alerts
ICA meat repackaging controversy Bradford sweets poisoning Minamata disease 2005 Indonesia Chilean grape scare to food scare 2008 Chinese milk scandal Vietnam food scare 2007 2008 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak of salmonellosis United States 2006 outbreak of E. North America coli outbreak Irish pork crisis of 2008 toxic oil syndrome in the list of foodborne disease outbreaks foods by food contamination incidents
Regulatory Watchdog
International Food Safety Food and Drug Administration E number acceptable daily intake of food Standards Agency Quality Assurance International Food Safety Act of 1990 Pure Food and Drug Safety Authority Act List of food safety organizations Food legislation early history of food regulation in the U.S. food labeling regulations
Food Processing
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Nitrosamines Food irradiation trans fat shortening acrylamide hydrolyzed protein 4-hydroxynonenal modified starch Heterocyclic amines Creutzfeldtakob disease
Others
Foodborne illness Food Preservation Safety Food in the Republic of China Curing (food preservation) Quality of genetically modified foods food safety food marketing Food (Science) food policy
Categories: Food industry | Genetically modified organisms in agriculture | genetic engineering | Environment Environment issuesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles lacking reliable references from January 2010 | Articles needing April 2009 references About the Author

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